Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of different rotary systems during root canal treatment. Methods: Forty-five extracted mandibular molars were randomly divided into three groups according to the rotary system applied: Group 1, EDMax; Group 2, EdgeFile X1; and Group 3, Neoniti. The samples were irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl and normal saline as the final rinse. Roots were sectioned longitudinally and examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The debris and smear that remained in the root canals were assessed using a five-score index and compared between groups and root sections. The statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks, and Mann-Whitney U tests at P < 0.05. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in debris scores between groups at the apical third (P=0.003), but no significant difference was found in other root sections (P>0.05). The sequential rotary EDMax group had more apical debris compared to the single-file reciprocating EdgeFile X1 and single-file rotary Neoniti groups (P< 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the study groups in smear layer scores (P>0.05). However, the smear layer score was significantly greater in the apical than in other root sections in all groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: The single-file systems, Neoniti and EdgeFile X1, demonstrated superior cleaning efficacy compared to the sequential EDMax system in the apical third, whereas the efficacy of all systems was equivalent in other root areas. Single-file systems may be more effective for root canal cleaning, especially in areas that are more difficult to access.

In this research, the effect of oil Heat-treated on the outdoor performance of coatings namely, transparent resin stain, alkyd paint, semi-transparent cellulosic stain, acrylic paint coated on eastern cotton wood was investigated. For this purpose, sound specimens with the dimensions of 50×50×2 mm (Longitudinal × tangential × radial) were prepared from sapwood. Test samples were treated with canola oil at temperatures of 180, 200 and 220oC for 4 hours. The coatings with the wet film thickness of 150mm were applied on the specimens using an applicator. The coating adhesion was measured according to ASTM D 4541 standard, and the color characteristics of the coating were measured according to ASTM D 2244 before and after a natural weathering for 180 days. The statistical analysis of the color change data showed that the effect of the oil Heat-treatment on the color change depended on coating type. The statistical analysis of the adhesion strength data showed that the adhesion strength depended on the combination of weathering, oil Heat-treatment and coating type.

Introduction: This study compared the cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) of new instruments manufactured by Heat-treated nickel-titanium wire. Methods and Materials: Ninety-six new instruments from HyFlex CM (HF), Edge File (EF), Pro Design S (PDS/L) and Mtwo (MT) (20/0. 06 and 25/0. 06) (n=12) systems were evaluated. A stainless steel device was used and time and number of cycles to fracture (NCF) were observed. Fragments were measured and fracture surface was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). ANOVA and Tukey’ s tests were applied with the level of significance set at 0. 05. Results: PDS 20/0. 06 and PDL 25/0. 06 instruments presented the highest CFR. MT 20/0. 06 and MT 25/0. 06 showed the lowest CFR (P<0. 05). The length of fragments was similar for 25/0. 06 instruments and HF presented the highest one for 20/0. 06 instruments. SEM analyses showed morphology suggestive of ductile fracture. Conclusion: Heat treatment increased resistance to cyclic fatigue differently for each type of instrument. PDS 20/0. 06 and PDL 25/0. 06 present higher cyclic fatigue resistance.

Coating performance is greatly influenced by the properties of the wood substrate. This study was focused on evaluating the performance of coatings on both preservative- and thermally-modified wood. A number of commercially formulated semi-transparent stains (Alkyd, Alkyd-Acrylic and PU) were applied on four different types of preservative treated and oil-Heat-treated wood and their performances were evaluated in natural weathering exposure in Toronto, Canada. The results showed that the treatment enhanced the performance of the coatings. This enhancement occurred by reducing the water uptake by thermal treatment and preservative treatment with chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Even though wood treated with Cu amine-based preservatives had a higher water uptake than untreated wood, the erosion and color change of coating on Cu-amine treated wood was significantly lower than on untreated wood. There were some water-based formulations that had overall better performance than solvent-based coatings on thermally treated wood.

Various destructive factors gradually degrade paper due to its structural properties. For this reason, it is necessary to apply consolidation treatments for strengthening the degraded papers. In this study, cellulose nanofibers with a concentrate of 1% by weight were prepared as a suspension with water to consolidate the paper, then used to treat the samples. The samples were exposed to dry-Heat and moist-Heat aging to evaluate the treatment effects. pH measuring, colorimetric, and tensile strength tests were performed before and after aging. The results showed that the pH of the cellulose nanofibers treated samples increased. After dry-Heat and moist-Heat aging, the pH of the samples decreased slightly. Cellulose nanofiber treatment increased the tensile strength of the samples. However, after two stages of aging, the tensile strength of the samples has reduced compared to the previous stage. The application of cellulose nanofiber treatment made the color of the samples brighter, but after aging, the brightness of the samples decreased.

Sodium salt of N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan (AT) and octanoic acid (caprylic acid CA) individually and in combination were studied as thermal stabilizer with different concentrations in Heat treatment of human albumin solution. HPLC protein profiles before pasteurization of albumin showed less than 1% polymer. In free stabilizer albumin solution during pasteurization visible clot was formed. But by using variation of the above mentioned stabilizers, the amount of polymer was increased to about 4% during pasteurization (60° C, 10 h). By increasing the Heat to the visible clot formation point, the most effective stabilizer against visible clot formation was found to be CA. However, in drug formulation it is important to choose the variety and concentration of stabilizers in accordance with regulations

Paper due to its structural properties, is gradually degraded by different destructive factors especially acidic hydrolysis. For this reason, deacidification of the old valuable papers in order to stop and neutralize this process and applying consolidation treatments for strengthening of degraded paper is necessary. In this study, for deacidification and consolidaton, by using dispersions of Nano Calcium hydroxide and Nano Calcium Hydroxide with companion of Nano Chitosan in Ethanol, a Nano coat was applied on the paper samples. Also, in order to investigate the effect of deacidification and consolidation treatments, the samples were subjected to dry-Heat and moistHeat aging. Then, pH, folding endurance, and brightness of the treated aged and unaged papers were studied. The results of studying the chemical, mechanical and physical properties of treated papers before and after aging showed that the use of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles led to an increase in alkalinity improved the brightness, while using Nano chitosan with calcium hydroxide increased the mechanical properties of paper. But after moist-Heat aging, the folding endurance of treated papers with Nano calcium hydroxide-Nano chitosan had more decrease. Also, in terms of optical properties, the papers treated with calcium hydroxide nanoparticles had more stability in comparison to control samples and treated papers with combination of Nano calcium hydroxide and Nano chitosan.